Humans threaten great ape populations by destroying habitats or poaching animals for zoos and meat – or it seems by infecting them with the common cold.
“For as long as humans have been domesticating animals, there have been zoonoses” – or the spread of infectious diseases from animals to humans – said the Emerging Pathogens Institute. Recently, public health emergencies like Covid-19 or avian flu have “thrust zoonoses back into the spotlight”.
But the spread of human diseases to animals – known as “reverse zoonosis” – is a growing threat, often even bigger than habitat loss or poaching, said Nature. Humans have transmitted Covid-19 to “a panoply of species”, but chimpanzees and gorillas, so biologically similar to humans, are particularly at risk.
Over the last 35 years, nearly 60% of explained chimp deaths in Uganda’s Kibale National Park were from human pathogens, said the science journal.
What is reverse zoonosis?
Human-to-animal disease transmission has been documented on every continent, said Science. This includes Antarctica, where humans and animals are coming into “increasing contact” thanks to research centres and tourism.
Penguins on the “isolated, ice-bound landmass” can pick up a bug from visiting humans, with potentially “devastating consequences” for bird colonies – even extinction.
“[We’re] obsessed about the potential for novel diseases to jump from wildlife to humans and cause an epidemic,” said ornithologist Kyle Elliott at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. “In reality, the transmission of novel diseases from humans to wildlife has been far more disastrous.”
Reverse zoonoses affects species around the world, from “mussels contaminated with hepatitis A virus” to “tigers and mink coming down with Covid-19”, said Rachel Nuwer, author of the 2018 book “Poached: Inside the Dark World of Wildlife Trafficking”, on Nature.
But because of their evolutionary closeness to humans, sharing 98% of our genetic material, gorillas and chimpanzees tend to be “most vulnerable to our diseases”.
Why are great apes catching diseases from humans?
In 1966 primatologist Jane Goodall famously witnessed a deadly polio epidemic among chimpanzees at Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania, after an outbreak in a human encampment nearby. The disease killed or paralysed many of the chimps she knew and loved.
“Interaction with tourists and loggers can expose chimpanzees to diseases that they cannot fight, like the common cold or the flu,” said the Jane Goodall Institute. Even the Ebola virus is affecting the chimpanzee population.
In 2022, a scientific literature review looked at 97 studies that documented proven reverse zoonoses in wild animals (excluding mosquito-borne diseases like yellow fever, which has killed thousands of primates in America). Of those, 57 involved primates. There was a strong association between human pathogens in animals and the amount of contact with humans, the review found.
The human metapneumovirus (HMPV) typically causes respiratory infections in humans that result in a mild cold. But to our closest primate relatives, who have no immunity or evolved genetic resistance, “these diseases can be deadly”, wrote Nuwer.
Respiratory pathogens like HMPV have been “the leading chimp killers for more than 35 years, accounting for almost 59% of deaths from a known cause”. But the danger is “hardly studied compared with other conservation issues, and public awareness is likewise scant”.
What can be done?
In 2015, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recommended wearing masks in the presence of great apes, limiting the number of tourists per group to eight, restricting observation time to one hour, and maintaining a distance of seven metres between tourists and the animals.
But visiting YouTubers documenting mountain gorilla tourism weren’t following these guidelines, according to a study published in 2020. About 40% of social media videos the study analysed showed humans getting within a metre of gorillas.
It’s not surprising that 82% of the infected primate populations were either in captivity, or “close proximity to tourists”, said El País. “The fact that people are willing to pay $1,000 in Rwanda to see gorillas in the wild speaks volumes.”
These studies are a “cautionary reminder” that ecotourism that promotes conservation efforts can be a “double-edged sword”. But improving conservation efforts bring “hope through small victories”, said the Spanish news site. “As our understanding and awareness of these issues grow, it is likely that outbreaks will become less frequent over time.”