Former Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas is making waves as the European Union’s top foreign policy official. At a time of rising tension between the E.U. and the U.S. and a fortifying bloc of authoritarian states led by Russia, Kallas’ role has suddenly taken on even greater importance. Her journey from the obscure leader of a small, embattled democracy to a bulwark against Russian expansionism has placed her front and center in what is now perhaps the global community’s most important fault line.
From the USSR to democratic leader
Kallas, 47, was born in 1977 when Estonia was still under occupation as a Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR), as it had been since 1940. Her mother, grandmother and great-grandmother had been “sent to Siberia under Stalin’s mass deportations of Baltic citizens,” said The New Statesman, where they were exiled for ten years. “I think every Estonian family has a similar story to tell,” said Kallas at ERR News.
Kallas was a member of the Estonian parliament as a member of the center-right Reform Party between 2011 and 2014 and after a stint in the European Parliament became the Reform Party leader in 2018. When Estonian Prime minister Jüri Ratas resigned following a corruption scandal in 2021, Kallas put together a coalition to take over as prime minister, becoming the first woman in the country’s history to serve in that role.
Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine would “dominate her time in office and has been the making of her global reputation,” said The Guardian. Her stance was that “Russia is a revanchist imperial power” and that to capitulate to Russia’s threats would be to “give into the fear.” Under her leadership, Estonia backed Ukraine in the war, which Kallas believed represented “a turning point in European history,” and that Putin’s invasion “must be defeated at all costs and without compromise,” said The New York Times.
Unlike many leaders who guided their countries through the period following the Covid-19 pandemic, Kallas’ and her party won reelection in 2023, “beating out a far-right rival that had campaigned against further arms deliveries to Ukraine,” said Le Monde. The win was a rare feat in the post-pandemic period during which opposition parties “unseated incumbents or lodged in-some-cases historic election gains against a global backdrop of inflation and agitation,” said Semafor. Shortly after, Kallas landed in hot water when media reported that her husband was involved in a “company that indirectly did business in Russia after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine,” said The Associated Press.
A hawkish foreign policy chief for an EU in turmoil
A year later she was in the running for High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. The “press frequently refers to her as ‘Europe’s new Iron Lady,'” who may be well positioned to “force the E.U. to adapt and finally exploit its own economic strength and build out its own defense capabilities,” said Foreign Affairs. As the E.U.’s top diplomat, Kallas would have to “balance the interests of the E.U.’s 27 countries, each of which has traditionally enjoyed a veto on matters of foreign affairs,” said Politico. The “post has no real power,” meaning that Kallas will be “forced to spend an inordinate amount of time in turf battles with other branches of the Brussels machinery,” said Responsible Statecraft.
But the election of Donald Trump as U.S. President in November 2024 unexpectedly boosted the importance of Kallas’ post. When President Trump sided with Russia’s narrative of the conflict in February 2024 and dressed down Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy at the White House, it opened a “gaping rift between the U.S. and its traditional allies in Europe over the war,” said The Guardian. Kallas will also have to manage E.U. disagreement about Russia policy and defense, because her hardline stance on Russia has “left her out of step with Spain and Italy, who do not share her assessment of Moscow as an imminent threat to the E.U.,” said Politico.